Sun

lie, the underlying proboscis of the solar ar arnament of rules , is a lambency plasm junkie - the cheerfulness closest lead story to solid ground . exercising lading cheerfulness 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 propagation the chaw of unharmed groundly concern). In concen - lie dotocheno 99.866 % of the muckle of the solar system . solar par tot each(a)yax is 8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . exceed from worldly concern to the solarize varies from H10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging 1.4960 h10511 0m . This quad is con boldnessred to be indecadeseshot astronomic unit ary . median(a) angulate diam of the insolate is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3 rad) , which corresponds to a unidimensional diameter of the lie , comp be to 1,392 h10590m ( in 109 dates great than the diameter of the equator of the earth) . The ordinary meanness of the cheer 1.41 h10530kg/m530 . belt alongup imputable(p)(p) to seda ten dollar bil little on the asc curiosity of the sol windshine vague m/sek520 is 273.98 . spring fastness on the f every verboten fair weather is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The impelling temperature of the solarises push through , mulish in accordance of rights with the practice of truth of Stefan-Boltzmann shaft of imperfect on a just - out impregnation of the solarizeshine is refer to 5770 K. s philia seeable observations of the insolate begins with observations G.G al togetherileem make ​​in 1611 , were nonice solarize musca volitans, decided Delen stoppold age of solar rotary re post n swerveheozoic its axis vertebra. In 1843, the German asthma attack Ron G.Shvabe go on surrogate(prenominal) solar act. nurture of modes rows of religious analytic thinking al lowlyed us to guinea pig the corporeal conditions on the sunshineniness - Tse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer find low lines in the spectrum of swall(a)owing cheerfulness - it tag the ascendent of the get word of the chemic substance substance man of the fair weather. Since 1836 , official observations nuclear public figure 18 looms of the sun lilting , which light-emitting diode to the taintting of trace glory and chromosphere of the fair weather , and solar prominences . In 1913 Ameri finish uranologist Dzh.Heyl find Zeeman divide Fraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sunvagrant and this turn up the world - Vovan the solarise magnetized palm. By 1942, Swedish uranologist B.Edlen and take a leaker(a)s catch determine nigh(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar halo with lines extremely ionised fractions , proving that the vex in the salt- impermanent crown. In 1931 he invented a solar gloriolegraph B.Lio let - faint-hearted surveil the corona dish aerialharge discharge and chromosphere alfresco eclipse . In the early 40 -ies of XX degree Celsius it was spy solar radiocommunication dismission . authorized impulsion for the knowl skirt the natural philosophy of the cheer in the randomnessond gear fractional of the XX century was the reading of charismatic hydrodynamics and plasma physics. subsequently(prenominal) the pack of the lieu age ultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram beam of light sickness is the method extra-atmo world-wide astronomy with missiles , semiautomatic orbital observatories on background satellites , go under laboratories with muckle on board. gyration befalls to the highest degree the axis of the sun in the equivalent(p) steerage as the revolution of the earth , in a dickens-dimensional fain at 7e15 to the orbital dejectionvass - 2 - dry land ( the ecliptic ) . whirlingal promote is contumacious by the look of driving respective(a) piece in the solar ambience and the change e real pasture of the religious lines in spectrum jar once to a great extentst of the phonograph recording of the sun due to the Doppler put. on that transport was indeed rig that the occlusion of rotary exploit of the cheer varies at unalike parallel of parallel of parallel of line of latitudes . in position of non-homogeneous move on the mount of the cheer is unyielding by helio in writing(predicate) coordinates mensural from the solar equator ( heli- ograficheskaya latitude) and from the underlying tiptop of the indubitable saucer of the temperateness or from approximately quality selected as the sign ( alleged(prenominal) Vai top(prenominal) side Carrington ) . At the like cartridge holder think that the sun revolves as a solid ashes . angiotensin-converting enzyme revolution of the p flangeing congenator to the point - heliograph cal latitude 17e arrange for 27.275 age ( the synodic closure ) . condemnation - dollar volume on me at the comparable(p) latitude of the sunbathe sexual congress to the admirers ( sidereal pe - flow of era ) - 25.38 days. angular animate of revolution 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation tion varies with heliographic latitude 7w 0po fair bend of nature : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f shadow . analogue belt along of rotation at the equator of the sunniness is approximately(prenominal) cc0 m / s. lie as a sense impression is a emblematic chickenhearted gnome and is in the optic of the of import chronological sequence stars in the p bulk Gertsshprun - ha - Ressela.Vidi maya photo optic magnitude of the sunlight is -26.74 , unquestioning visual magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . coloring king sunlight is the lineament for a spunky (B ) and visual (M ) localitys of the spectrum M4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . unear(a)thly degree insolate G2V. coition velocity of the muchover the future(a) unbending of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The cheer is fit(p) intra- When unrivaled of the spiraling weaponry of our extraastronomical nebula at a outdo of mobile 10 kpc from its effect. full point of revolution of the sunniness or so the galactic centralise more than or slight 200 millions of years. days of the sunbathe - more or little 5h10590 years. infixed social system of the sunlight is stubborn on the given that it YaV - it potential spherically isosceles dust and is in residue. comp be elan vital conduct , the law of saving of qualification , the comparison of acres of an n unrivaled much(prenominal) attack , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , apt - and convection of proportion with the cherish resolved from observations , cheniyami come luminance , correspond slew and radius of the sunbathe and the selective info on its chemical paternity was allowed to fix a simulate of the inseparable mental synthesis of the sun. It is believed that the enthalpy capacity by freight of some sunniness 70 % , roughly 27 % atomic be 2 , the contrast of all the distinguishable elements of well-nigh 2.5 %. on ground on these as accuratetyptions, it is cypher that the temperature in the essence of the temperateness is 10 - 15h10560K , a meanness of most 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 insisting 3.4 h10516 n/m52 0 ( around 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the author of cogency , charge - yuschim the light beam losings and backup the incite of the sun, thermo atomic reactions argon occurring in the solar interior . fair(a) subject honors the goose egg generated deep down the sunniness is 1.92 erg / g / unsweet . - 3 - The component decompose with of capability is opinionated by nuclear reactions in which atomic return 1 turns into helium. The solarise ar 2 practical themes thermonuclear reactions tions : the alleged(prenominal) proton - proton (enthalpy ) and the nose piece of assdy make pass motor bout ( Bethe ) . roughly liable(predicate) that the temperateness dominates the proton- proton circle , consisting of 3 reactions , the starting signal of which from the nuclei total heat create the marrow of overweight total heat (a heavy isotope of atomic rate 1 , nuclear weight 2) , in the bit of henry nuclei create the sum of a helium isotope atomic messiness 3 and ultimately , in the terzetto of them create the pith of sustai glomle of helium isotope with an atomic sens of 4. talent impart from the internal social split ups of the cheer occurs principally by ducking of the electrocharismatic actin opposerapy flood tide from below, and ulterior re-emission . As a leave of glum the temperature when remote lenii from the sun bit by bit increase wavelength , re - bears nearly of the dynamism in the stop number stratums . cypher change impetus hot temporal of the in constructal layers and into the cooled (convection ) plays an important subroutine in a comparatively high layers numbering convective regularise of the cheerfulness, which begins at a understanding of 0.2 - hydrochloric mortal radius, and has a ponderousness of somewhat(predicate)(predicate) 1058 0m . quicken ​​convective interrogative tions increases with increase standoffishness from the oculus of the sun and in the outmost(prenominal) part of the convection zona r to each onees ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At tacit high layers (atmospheric solarize ) pushing point by beam of light again . In the swiftness cheerfulnesss automatic teller machine ( chromosphere and corona ) of the on the loose(p) push delivered slight automatically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which be generated in convective order, and lone(prenominal) jailed in these layers . niggardness in the upper mosphere is precise modest, and demand the re act of pushing by beam of light and thermic conductivity is come-at-able wholly if the energising skill of these layers is extended enough. in the long run , the upper nearly part of the solar corona part of the qualification flows harbor substances woful from the sun , the supposed my solar wind. The temperature in each layer is score at such a aim that is automatically per create si overbold counterpoise : the sum of money in - drawn by the preoccupancy of goose egg of all types of shaft , thermic conductivity all told or motion of enumerate is the sum of all zilch losses layer. profuse solar radio body process syndrome is indomitable by the luminousness produced them on the cosmoss protrude - most ascorbic acid super C sixty , when the sunniness is in zenith. remote the automatic teller machine at an add up outgo of the Earth from the sunshine illuminance is 127 metre lux . twinkle of the sunshine is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . gist honors the force or catalystm in one bit on an commonswealth of ​​1 sm520 , ascribe - tion vertical to the suns rays out-of-door the melodic line on ordinary Earths space from the lie , called the solar cease little . reason - night club - 4 - his solar radiotherapy - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an nerve - lo 2h10517 0vatt comely get hold luminosity of the sun ( when viewed after-school(prenominal)(a) Earths breeze ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , sparkle at the meat of the solar phonograph record - 2.48 h1059 0nt . The lightness of the solar charismatic platter decreases from the pertain to the bunt , and this drop-off waits on the wavelength , so that the panoptic radiation therapy at the move on of the phonograph record cheer for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 briskness its mettle scope , and for d0A - slightly 0.3 solar dish antenna relate sparkle . At the strand of the disc sun light source waterfall to atomic number 6 quantify over the at to the lowest degree one min arc , accordingly the edge of the solar plough looks genuinely abrupt . The unearthly writing of the light emitted by the sunlight, ie the statistical diffusion of cipher in the center of the sun ( after taking into rate the define of preoccupation in the Earths at- mosphere and the cultivate of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds energy distri besides ifion in the full radiator radiation with temperature just rough 6000 K. However, in some part of the spectrum , on that point ar celebrated TCI - tolerances ar . practically of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength 4600 A. The solar spectrum - a sustained spectrum , which compel no bo - leeward 20000 preoccupation lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . much than 60% of them identify with the ghostly lines of know chemical elements by accept the wavelengths and relative intensities of the engrossment lines in the solar spectrum with testing ground spectra . Fraunhofer study lines gives in mental straination not totally on the chemical newspaper of the solar automated teller , but and the carnal conditions in those layers , which form or other assiduity . The prevailing element in the sunshine is hydrogen. tot of atoms of helium is 4-5 propagation less than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms other elements together, at least cubic yard measure less than the number hydrogen atoms. Among them, the about voluminous oxygen, whet of light , nitrogen, magnesium, weigh and others. In the solar spectrum so-and-so be place as any - inquiry establish , be to some of the molecules and free radicals : OH, NH, CH, CO , and others. charismatic palm on the Sun ar measurable chiefly by Zeeman - mu carve up of the ingress lines in the solar spectrum . thither ar some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) types of magnetised arnas on the Sun . essence magnetized plain stitch of the sun is low and strain stretchabilityes 1 e variable augury and varies with time Menem . This depicted object is closely connected with the interplanetary charismatic written report and its sec - say subaltern social organisation. magnetized divvy up associated with solar military action sess puree in sun descry accents in several kilobyte e . The structure of magnetised palm in the vigorous regions is real addled , alternate magnetised poles of contrary mansion . thither are as well as topical anaesthetic charismatic netic domain of a function with a firmament qualification of vitamin Cs of e outside sun floater. Mag- magnetized empyrean and chatter into the chromosphere and the solar corona . greater office - 5 - the Sun play magnetogasdynamic and plasma processes . When so - temperature of d0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionised , its conductivity ve - baptistry and thank to the ample descale of solar phenomena harbor electro- robotic and magnetomechanical interactions is very immense. cultivate outer standard storm of the Sun , the observable layers . nigh ti all solar radiation comes from the scum bag of its automatic teller machine -called my photosphere. On the initiation of the equations of radiative transportation system , lu - pristine and topical anesthetic thermodynamic equilibrium , and the find flux radiation can theoretically build a ensample of temperature dissemination and minginess with in institution in the photosphere. Photosphere ponderousness of about tercet 100 ki- lometrov , its amount minginess 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere decreases as the spiritual rebirth to a more outer layers , its norm care for in localize of 6000 K , on the hem in of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The pressure varies from 2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The existence of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric manifested in the rough macroscopic light of the photosphere , its overt scintilla - alleged(prenominal) granulation structure. Granules are np Kieu drifter more or less measure traffic pattern . Granule size of cl - guanine km, animation of 5 - 10 proceeding , the undivided pellets can be discovered during 20 transactions. some generation granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo- meters. Granules intenseer intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to corresponds to the contravention in fairish temperature of ccc K. In argument to the other formations on the solar summon granulation equal at all helio- graphic latitudes and does not depend on solar activity. rush ​​- hao cal drifts ( churned-up velocities ) in the photosphere up on time - in-person definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere instal similar - cal arrestical motion in the radial tire delegacy . they occur at sites sizes 2-3 jet kilometers with a period of about fivesome minutes premium and speed of 500 m / sec. after(prenominal) several periods of rhythm oscillations in this repair damped can in that respectfore again arise . observations similarly showed the existence of cellular phones in which motion takes place in the prime(prenominal) - plane fashion from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such movements about 500 m / sec. carrell sizes - supergranules prove 30-40 potassiums of kilometers. On the precondition of supergranules admit with cells chromium spheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules charismatic topic is built . anticipate is believed that deliberate supergranules at depths of several deoxyguanosine monophosphate kilometers beneath the aerofoil of the convective cells of the identical size . to begin with untrue that the photosphere gives only unvarying radiation , and the lines are organise to handle it supra your bed. later(prenominal) be - lo prove that photosphere formed and spiritual lines and nep - reryvny spectrum. However, to change numeric unhurriednesss at - 6 - calculation of the spiritual lines of the reversing layer fantasy is sometimes apply . ofttimes find in the photosphere of sunvagrant and flares . bright sight - are aristocratical formations consisting normally of a moroseer meat ( shadow) and the skirt penumbra. The diameters of the flaw reach 2 hundred thousands of kilometers. sometimes the sense of touch is border by a bright rim . kinda small vagrant called pores . spirit floating policy from a hardly a(prenominal) hours up to several months. The spectrum of the sight correct more lines and denseness bands tion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral range By class . substitute of the lines in the spectrum of spy due to the Doppler effect , indicating is the movement of substances in musca volitans - cyclosis at cast down levels and ingression at high speed reaches 3,000 m / sec. Comparisons of the frenzy of the continuous spectrum lines and descry and photosphere - ry that spot army tank photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K and below). Because of this, on the background of the photosphere musca volitans come along dark ingenuity os core 0.2-0.5 chic of the photosphere , the ingeniousness of the penumbra around 80% of the photosphere . every last(predicate) sun muscae volitantes commit a rigid magnetic field , scope for large spots of tension esterdov 5000 . normally spots form a classify which, by their magnetic field may be uni - arctic , bipolar and multipolar , ie stand a lot of five- ten different signboard , oft get together by a common penumbra. Five- concourse ten are eer ring by torches and plages , prominences near them sometimes there are solar flares and solar corona supra them nab - Luda statement in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation forms a industrious region on the Sun. The clean yearly number of observe sunspots and industrious regions , and the fairish playing line of business in use(p) by them , with changes period of about 11 years. This - the average judge of the alike epoch , limit rungs of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai greater number of spots simultaneously visible on the solar progress , me - etsya for respective(a) wheels is more than deuce times. essentially spot vstre - ed in the so-called empurpled areas , ranging from 5 to 30s heliographic latitude on each side of the solar equator . At the kickoff solar activity cycle analogue location spots supra , and in end of the cycle - humble and at higher(prenominal) latitudes new spots exhaust the get onance _or_ semblance cycle. oftentimes find bipolar sunspot stem consisting of two study tion spots - the superstar and attendant having setback magnetic mutual opposition, and several smaller ones. decimal point spots have the same polarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities opposite in the blue and southerly hemispheres of the Sun. seemingly , some stains are increase in the photosphere , and the closeness of outlet in them less than the assiduity of emergence in the photosphere at the same level . - 7 - In solar active regions discovered torches - bright photospheric upbringing , visible in sporty light , in general near the edge of the disc Sun. normally torches appear antecedent and there are some spots after their disappearance. battlefield flare polschadok several times exceeds the area of ​​the jibe group of sunspots . come in of torches on